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Sol Invictus in Ancient Rome: December 25, the Unconquered Sun, and the Origins of Christmas

on December 21, 2025

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Maximilien Lormier

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Pausanias, the First Travel Writer: Exploring Ancient Greece Through Ruins, Myths and Sacred Memory

Illustration of Pausanias walking through sacred landscapes of Ancient Greece Travel through Ancient Greece with Pausanias, the first travel writer in history. A journey of ruins, myths and sacred memory. Table of Contents When Memory Becomes Travel A Roman World, a Greek Gaze Delphi: Sanctuary of Mysteries Olympia: Soul of Sport and Sacred Corinth: Sensuality, Trade and Contrasts Athens: Thought Sculpted in Marble A Quest Against Oblivion Sources When Memory Becomes Travel There was a Greek author who accompanied me through my university years. When my ancient history professor began to speak—without enthusiasm—about the monuments left behind for posterity, the wanderings of Pausanias kept coming back. I will try to make this journey much more enjoyable for you. Imagine it. The day rises slowly over the sacred lands of Boeotia. The first rays of light caress the hills, slip through the leaves of century-old o...

Enheduanna: First Named Author in History — Mesopotamian High Priestess of Inanna’s Hymns

A Mesopotamian priestess walking across the desert toward a distant ziggurat — an evocation of Enheduanna’s world. From Ur’s ziggurats to Inanna’s hymns: Enheduanna, high priestess and the world’s first named author, speaks across four millennia. Table of Contents Rediscovering a Name in Old Notes Back to Mesopotamia’s Dawn A Singular Voice Signs Her Words Ur, Sargon, and the High Priestess Exile, Hymns, and Lasting Works Style, Voice, and Influence Archaeology and the Disk of Enheduanna A Name Pressed into Clay Rediscovering a Name in Old Notes In my many university notes, carefully kept over the years, a lot of archaeology, a lot of epigraphy, and anecdotes scribbled here and there are intertwined. Rereading them—or rather trying to decipher what I might have written, since I wrote fast and badly—I rediscovered a name, alone: Enheduanna, accompanied by this simple mention: “first author in the world...

Hannibal’s Daring Gamble: The Perilous Crossing of the Alps

Amidst the cold, unyielding heights of the Alps, a legend was forged in blood, frost, and unrelenting determination. In 218 BCE, as Rome stood mighty and unchallenged in the heart of the Mediterranean, a Carthaginian general named Hannibal Barca led an audacious campaign that would forever etch his name into the annals of military history. His objective was clear: strike at the heart of Rome by taking the unlikeliest route, one thought impossible—through the towering, ice-clad peaks of the Alps. Hannibal had already stunned the Roman Republic by storming through Iberia and Gaul, forging alliances with tribes hostile to Rome. Yet it was this next leg of his journey, the perilous ascent through the Alps, that would test his army to its very limits. With him marched nearly 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, and a force that would become legendary—thirty-seven war elephants. The ascent was grueling. The army faced blizzards that bit through flesh, narrow paths where a single misstep meant p...

Sol Invictus in Ancient Rome: December 25, the Unconquered Sun, and the Origins of Christmas

Priestess of Sol Invictus in a Roman temple setting (3rd century). Sol Invictus, a Roman solar cult , rises in the 3rd century. In the 4th, December 25 takes on the Nativity—rivalries and calculations in Late Rome ! Table of Contents Introduction — The night Rome holds its breath Before “the Unconquered” — Sol, an ancient god Rome never forgot The crisis of the 3rd century — When the Empire needs a god who never backs down 274 — Aurelian and the political birth of Sol Invictus Constantine — Between two lights, the ambiguity that changes everything From the Sun to the Nativity — Was Christmas born to erase Sol Invictus? Why Sol Invictus matters so much — What the end of pagan Rome reveals Sources The night Rome holds its breath Rome, in winter, is nothing like a frozen postcard scene. The cold bites into the stones, smoke from hearth...

Parmenion: The Forgotten General Behind Alexander the Great's Conquests

Parmenion, the strategic backbone of Alexander's army, remained loyal until the end. Parmenion, the loyal Macedonian general, was executed without trial—sacrificed in the shadow of Alexander’s growing imperial power. Table of Contents An Old Lion in the Shadow of the Sun Parmenion, Son of Old Macedonia The Shadow Strategist Alexander’s Right Hand Parmenion at Issus and Gaugamela A Disrespected Father Figure The Blood Trap: Philotas The Assassination of Parmenion Conclusion – The Eternal Number Two Sources An Old Lion in the Shadow of the Sun When Alexander crossed the Hellespont in 334 BC, he was not alone. At his side, the Macedonian army was already roaring—hardened by decades of conquests under Philip II. And among the veterans, one name resonated with respect and fear: Parmenion. Wise, cautious, experienced, he was one of the pillars of Macedonian expansion. Yet his name remains eclipse...

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